From daee5ed40d94379c04507f16903a168cb8bc09e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: nam Date: Fri, 27 Jan 2017 12:23:12 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] new unit for speed of light --- thesis/chapters/chap3_comet.tex | 32 +++++++++++++-------------- thesis/chapters/chap4_alcap_phys.tex | 2 +- thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex | 12 +++++----- thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex | 6 ++--- thesis/chapters/chap7_results.tex | 10 ++++----- thesis/mythesis.sty | 1 + thesis/thesis.tex | 3 ++- 7 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap3_comet.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap3_comet.tex index 676f869..9d7a4fc 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap3_comet.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap3_comet.tex @@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ to reduce the radiative pion capture and other prompt backgrounds. Cosmic backgrounds are rejected using a combination of passive shielding, veto counters and reconstruction cuts. The momenta of beam -muons used in the experiment were \SI{52}{\MeV\per\cc} and -\SI{53}{\MeV\per\cc}, and the momentum spread was 2\%. +muons used in the experiment were \SI{52}{\MeV\per\hepclight} and +\SI{53}{\MeV\per\hepclight}, and the momentum spread was 2\%. \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/sindrumII_setup} \caption{SINDRUM-II experimental set up, reprinted from @@ -409,9 +409,9 @@ transport section. The \ang{180} bending electron transport solenoids help remove line-of-sight between the target and the detector system. It works similarly to the muon transportation section, but is tuned differently to accept electrons of about -\SI{105}{\MeV\per\cc}. A compensation field of \SI{0.17}{\tesla} along the +\SI{105}{\MeV\per\hepclight}. A compensation field of \SI{0.17}{\tesla} along the vertical direction will be applied. Electrons with momentum less than -\SI{80}{\MeV\per\cc} are blocked at the exit of this section by +\SI{80}{\MeV\per\hepclight} are blocked at the exit of this section by a collimator to reduce DIO electrons rate. The net acceptance of signals of \mueconv is about 0.32, and the detector hit rate will be in the order of \SI{1}{\kHz} for a muon stopping rate of \SI{E11}{\Hz}. @@ -429,12 +429,12 @@ active shielding against cosmic rays is considered. The tracking detector has to provide a momentum resolution less than %%TODO 350 or 150? -350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\cc} in order to achieve a sensitivity of +350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\hepclight} in order to achieve a sensitivity of \sn{3}{-17}. There are five stations of straw-tube gas chambers, each provides two dimensional information. Each straw tube is 5~\si{\milli\meter} in diameter and has a 25-\si{\micro\meter}-thick wall. According to a GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation, a position resolution of 250~\si{\micro\meter} can be obtained, -which is enough for 350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\cc} momentum resolution. The +which is enough for 350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\hepclight} momentum resolution. The DIO background of 0.15 events is expected. The electromagnetic calorimeter serves three purposes: a) to measure electrons @@ -450,11 +450,11 @@ hit positions. Two candidate crystals, GSO and LYSO, are under consideration. The requirements for \mueconv signals are: \begin{itemize} - \item from the 350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\cc}~momentum resolution, the signal - region is determined to be 103.5~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc}~to - 105.2~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc}; + \item from the 350~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\hepclight}~momentum resolution, the signal + region is determined to be 103.5~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\hepclight}~to + 105.2~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\hepclight}; \item transversal momentum of signal electrons is required to be greater than - 52~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc} to remove backgrounds from beam electrons and + 52~\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\hepclight} to remove backgrounds from beam electrons and muons decay in flight; \item timing wise, conversion electrons should arrive in the time window of detection which is about 700~\si{\nano\second}~after each proton pulses @@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ avalanche gain of approximately \sn{4}{4}. A gas mixture of helium:isobutane(90:10) is preferred since the CDC momentum resolution is dominated by multiple scattering. With these configurations, an intrinsic momentum resolution of -197~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\cc} is achievable according to our tracking study. +197~\si{\kilo\electronvolt\per\hepclight} is achievable according to our tracking study. \begin{table}[htb] \begin{center} @@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ these configurations, an intrinsic momentum resolution of \label{ssub:hit_rate_on_the_cdc} The maximal usable muon beam intensity will be limited by the detector hit occupancy. Charge particles with transversal momentum greater than 70 -\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc} are expected to reach the CDC. Those include: +\si{\mega\electronvolt\per\hepclight} are expected to reach the CDC. Those include: protons emitted from nuclear muon capture, and electrons from muon decay in orbit (DIO). It is calculated that the hit rate due to proton emission dominates, where the highest rate is \SI{11}{\kHz\per}cell compares to @@ -733,9 +733,9 @@ $^{28}$Si~\cite{SobottkaWills.1968}. The baseline design for the proton absorber is 0.5~\si{\milli\meter}-thick CFRP, making the total thickness of material before the sensitive region is \SI{1.0}{\mm} in CFRP. In this configuration, the inner wall and the proton absorber contribute a spread of -\SI{167}{\keV\per\cc} to the momentum of a \mueconv signal electron. This +\SI{167}{\keV\per\hepclight} to the momentum of a \mueconv signal electron. This figure is a little below the spread cause by multiple scatterings on the -chamber gas at \SI{197}{\keV\per\cc}. +chamber gas at \SI{197}{\keV\per\hepclight}. The impact of the proton absorber on the CDC's hit rate and momentum resolution is summarised in \cref{tab:comet_absorber_impact}. \begin{table}[htb] @@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ resolution is summarised in \cref{tab:comet_absorber_impact}. \textbf{Absorber }& \textbf{Total CFRP }&\textbf{Proton }& \textbf{$\Delta p$}\\ \textbf{thickness }& \textbf{thickness }&\textbf{hit rate }& \\ - (\si{\mm}) &(\si{\mm}) & (\si{\kHz}) & (\si{\keV\per\cc}) \\ + (\si{\mm}) &(\si{\mm}) & (\si{\kHz}) & (\si{\keV\per\hepclight}) \\ \midrule 0 & 0.5 & 130 & 131 \\ 0.5 & 1.0 & 34 & 167 \\ @@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ resolution is summarised in \cref{tab:comet_absorber_impact}. \end{center} \caption{Hit rates and contributions to momentum spread of the proton absorber and inner wall of the CDC. The resolutions are calculated for - mono-energetic electrons of \SI{104.96}{\MeV\per\cc}.} + mono-energetic electrons of \SI{104.96}{\MeV\per\hepclight}.} \label{tab:comet_absorber_impact} \end{table} diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap4_alcap_phys.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap4_alcap_phys.tex index 71f019c..080198b 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap4_alcap_phys.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap4_alcap_phys.tex @@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ A spectrum shape at this energy range is not available. \label{sub:motivation_of_the_alcap_experiment} As mentioned, protons from muon capture on aluminium might cause a very high rate in the COMET Phase-I CDC. The detector is designed to accept particles -with momenta in the range of \SIrange{75}{120}{\MeV\per\cc}. +with momenta in the range of \SIrange{75}{120}{\MeV\per\hepclight}. \cref{fig:proton_impact_CDC} shows that protons with kinetic energies larger than \SI{2.5}{\MeV} could hit the CDC. Such events are troublesome due to their large energy deposition. Deuterons and alphas at the same momentum are diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex index 828ec29..1835045 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ scintillators for neutron measurements were also tested in this run. Muons in the $\pi$E1 beam line are decay products of pions created as a \SI{590}{\mega\electronvolt} proton beam hits a thick carbon target. The beam line was designed to deliver muons with momenta ranging from -\SIrange{10}{500}{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc} and momentum spread from +\SIrange{10}{500}{\mega\electronvolt\per\hepclight} and momentum spread from \SIrange{0.26}{8.0}{\percent}~\cite{Foroughli.1997}. The beam parameters can be tuned by adjusting magnets and slits along the beam line. %These parameters can be @@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ be tuned by adjusting magnets and slits along the beam line. One of the main requirements of the AlCap experiment was a low energy muon beam with narrow momentum bite in order to achieve a high fraction of stopping muons in the very thin targets. In this Run 2013, muons from -\SIrange{28}{45}{\MeV\per\cc} and momentum spread of 1\% and +\SIrange{28}{45}{\MeV\per\hepclight} and momentum spread of 1\% and 3\% were used. For part of the experiment the target was replaced with one of the silicon @@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ at X-rays of interest are listed in \cref{tab:xray_eff}. %\label{sub:muon_momentum_scanning} %Before taking any data, we carried out the muon momentum scanning to understand %the muon beam, as well as calibrate the detector system. The nominal muon -%momentum used in the Run 2013 had been tuned to 28~MeV\cc\ before the run. By +%momentum used in the Run 2013 had been tuned to 28~MeV\hepclight\ before the run. By %changing simultaneously the strength of the key magnet elements in the $\pi$E1 %beam line with the same factor, the muon beam momentum would be scaled with the %same factor. @@ -712,8 +712,8 @@ at X-rays of interest are listed in \cref{tab:xray_eff}. %\toprule %\textbf{Scaling} & \textbf{Momentum} & \textbf{Kinetic energy} %& \textbf{Momentum spread}\\ - %\textbf{factor} & \textbf{(MeV\per\cc)} & \textbf{(MeV)} - %& \textbf{(MeV\per\cc, 3\% FWHM)}\\ + %\textbf{factor} & \textbf{(MeV\per\hepclight)} & \textbf{(MeV)} + %& \textbf{(MeV\per\hepclight, 3\% FWHM)}\\ %\midrule %1.03 & 28.84 & 3.87& 0.87\\ %1.05 & 29.40 & 4.01& 0.88\\ @@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ sets are shown in \cref{tb:stat}. \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Run statistics. Momentum scaling factors are normalised to - \SI{28}{\MeV\per\cc}.} + \SI{28}{\MeV\per\hepclight}.} \label{tb:stat} \end{table} diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex index 2c4b61e..c0f06ff 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex @@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ In this analysis, a subset of runs from \numrange{2808}{2873} with the \item a thicker target gives better statistics because of a higher muon rate available at a higher momentum and less scattering. \end{itemize} -Muons with momentum of \SI{30.52}{\MeV\per\cc}, 3\%-FWHM spread (scaling factor of -1.09, normalised to \SI{28}{\MeV\per\cc}) were used for this target after +Muons with momentum of \SI{30.52}{\MeV\per\hepclight}, 3\%-FWHM spread (scaling factor of +1.09, normalised to \SI{28}{\MeV\per\hepclight}) were used for this target after a momentum scanning as described in the next subsection. \subsection{Momentum scan for the 100-\si{\um} aluminium target} @@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ in \cref{tab:al100_scan}. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{cccc} \toprule - \textbf{Momentum (\si{\MeV\per\cc})} & \textbf{Scaling factor} & \textbf{Runs} + \textbf{Momentum (\si{\MeV\per\hepclight})} & \textbf{Scaling factor} & \textbf{Runs} & \textbf{Length (s)}\\ \midrule 29.12 & 1.04 & \numrange{2609}{2613} &2299\\ diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap7_results.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap7_results.tex index 5125cc1..0ea9f7b 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap7_results.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap7_results.tex @@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ different absorber configurations are listed in %\toprule %{\textbf{Absorber}} &{\textbf{Inner wall}} & {\textbf{Total CFRP}}& {\textbf{Proton}} & {\textbf{Momentum}} & {\textbf{Integrated charge}}\\ %{\textbf{thickness}} &{\textbf{thickness}} & {\textbf{thickness}}& {\textbf{hit rate}} &{\textbf{spread $\Delta p$}} &{\textbf{300 days}}\\ - %{(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\Hz})} & {(\si{\keV\per\cc)}} &{(mC/cm)}\\ + %{(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\Hz})} & {(\si{\keV\per\hepclight)}} &{(mC/cm)}\\ %\midrule %1 &0.5&1.5 & 2 & 195 & 25\\ %0.5 &0.5&1.0 & 126 & 167 & 60\\ @@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ Therefore the absorber is not necessary as far as the hit rate is concerned. %absorber is not needed for the COMET Phase I's CDC. If the proton absorber is not used, the momentum spread of the signal electron -reduces from \SI{167}{\keV\per\cc} to \SI{131}{\keV\per\cc} (\cref{tab:proton_cdc_hitrate}). +reduces from \SI{167}{\keV\per\hepclight} to \SI{131}{\keV\per\hepclight} (\cref{tab:proton_cdc_hitrate}). This is a small improvement since the momentum resolution is dominated by -intrinsic spread of \SI{197}{\keV\per\cc} due to multiple scattering in gas +intrinsic spread of \SI{197}{\keV\per\hepclight} due to multiple scattering in gas and wires. The last column of \cref{tab:proton_cdc_hitrate} shows the integrated charge @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ absorber will not worsen the ageing process of the wires. {\textbf{thickness}} &{\textbf{thickness}} & {\textbf{thickness}}& {\textbf{spread $\Delta p$}} &{\textbf{300 days}}\\ {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} & {(\si{\mm})} - & {(\si{\keV\per\cc)}} &{(mC/cm)}\\ + & {(\si{\keV\per\hepclight)}} &{(mC/cm)}\\ \midrule 1 &0.5&1.5 & 195 & 25\\ 0.5 &0.5&1.0 & 167 & 60\\ @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ absorber will not worsen the ageing process of the wires. \caption{Momentum spreads due to the inner wall and absorber, and integrated charge per unit length of wire as calculated in the COMET Phase-I's TDR. The momentum spreads were calculated for signal electrons at - \SI{104.96}{\MeV\per\cc}. The integrated charge is estimated assuming 300 + \SI{104.96}{\MeV\per\hepclight}. The integrated charge is estimated assuming 300 days of operation.} \label{tab:proton_cdc_hitrate} \end{table} diff --git a/thesis/mythesis.sty b/thesis/mythesis.sty index 5bb83a4..e9a9e00 100644 --- a/thesis/mythesis.sty +++ b/thesis/mythesis.sty @@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ bookmarks %% Units %\RequirePackage[]{siunitx} \RequirePackage[detect-weight=true, detect-family=true]{siunitx} +\DeclareSIUnit \hepclight { \text { \ensuremath { c } } } \RequirePackage{hepnames} \RequirePackage{array} %% Various fonts ... diff --git a/thesis/thesis.tex b/thesis/thesis.tex index aec31ac..1f396e5 100644 --- a/thesis/thesis.tex +++ b/thesis/thesis.tex @@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ }{} \makeatother +\pgfplotsset{compat=1.13} \title{A study of proton emission\\ \vspace{-7mm} %%ad-hoc hack to get the spacing roughly right following nuclear muon capture\\ @@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ for the COMET experiment} \end{frontmatter} \mainmatter -%%%\input{chapters/chap1_intro} +\input{chapters/chap1_intro} \input{chapters/chap2_mu_e_conv} \input{chapters/chap3_comet} \input{chapters/chap4_alcap_phys}