diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex index 638aa6b..5672daa 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap5_alcap_setup.tex @@ -2,10 +2,40 @@ \label{cha:the_alcap_run_2013} \thispagestyle{empty} The first run of the AlCap experiment was performed at the $\pi$E1 beam line -area, PSI (Figure~\ref{fig:psi_exp_hall_all}) from November 26 to December 23, +area, PSI from November 26 to December 23, 2013. The goal of the run was to measure protons rate and spectrum following muon capture on aluminium. +\section{Experimental set up} +\label{sec:experimental_set_up} +The low energy muons from the $\pi$E1 beam line were stopped in thin aluminium +and silicon targets, and charged particles emitted were measured by two pairs +of silicon detectors inside of a vacuum vessel +(\cref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}). A stopped muon event is defined by +a group of upstream detectors and a muon veto plastic scintillator. +The number of stopped muons is monitored by a germanium detector placed outside +of the vacuum chamber. In addition, several plastic scintillators were used to +provide veto signals for the silicon and germanium detectors. Two liquid +scintillators for neutron measurements were also tested in this run. +\begin{figure}[btp] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{figs/alcap_setup_detailed} + \caption{AlCap detectors: two silicon packages inside the vacuum vessel, + muon beam detectors including plastic scintillators and a wire chamber, + germanium detector and veto plastic scintillators.} + \label{fig:alcap_setup_detailed} +\end{figure} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\subsection{Muon beam and vacuum chamber} +Muons in the $\pi$E1 beam line are decay products of pions created +as a \SI{590}{\mega\electronvolt} proton beam hits a thick carbon target +(E-target in \cref{fig:psi_exp_hall_all}). The beam line was designed to +deliver muons with momenta ranging from +\SIrange{10}{500}{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc} and +momentum spread from \SIrange{0.26}{8.0}{\percent}. These parameters can be +selected by changing various magnets and slits shown in +\cref{fig:psi_piE1_elements}~\cite{Foroughli.1997}. + \begin{figure}[p] \centering \includegraphics[height=0.85\textheight]{figs/psi_exp_hall_all} @@ -15,37 +45,7 @@ muon capture on aluminium. \label{fig:psi_exp_hall_all} \end{figure} -\section{Experimental set up} -\label{sec:experimental_set_up} -The low energy muons from the $\pi$E1 beam line were stopped in thin aluminium -and silicon targets, and charged particles emitted were measured by two pairs -of silicon detectors inside of a vacuum vessel -(Figure~\ref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}). A stopped muon event is defined by -a group of upstream detectors and a muon veto plastic scintillator. -The number of stopped muons is monitored by a germanium detector placed outside -of the vacuum chamber. In addition, several plastic scintillators were used to -provide veto signals for the silicon and germanium detectors. Two liquid -scintillators for neutron measurements were also tested in this run. -\begin{figure}[htbp] - \centering - \includegraphics[width=0.65\textwidth]{figs/alcap_setup_detailed} - \caption{AlCap detectors: two silicon packages inside the vacuum vessel, - muon beam detectors including plastic scintillators and a wire chamber, - germanium detector and veto plastic scintillators.} - \label{fig:alcap_setup_detailed} -\end{figure} - -\subsection{Muon beam and vacuum chamber} -Muons in the $\pi$E1 beam line are decay products of pions created -as a 590~\mega\electronvolt\ proton beam hit a thick carbon target -(E-target in Figure~\ref{fig:psi_exp_hall_all}). The beam line was designed to -deliver muons with momenta ranging from 10 to 500~\mega\electronvolt\per\cc\ -and -momentum spread from 0.26 to 8.0\%. These parameters can be selected by -changing various magnets and slits shown in -Figure~\ref{fig:psi_piE1_elements}~\cite{Foroughli.1997}. - -\begin{figure}[htb] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figs/psi_piE1_elements} \caption{The $\pi$E1 beam line} @@ -54,16 +54,17 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:psi_piE1_elements}~\cite{Foroughli.1997}. One of the main requirements of the AlCap experiment was a low energy muon beam with narrow momentum bite in order to achieve a high fraction of stopping muons -in the very thin targets. In this Run 2013, muons from 28 to -45~\mega\electronvolt\per\cc\ and momentum spread of 1\% and 3\%were used. +in the very thin targets. In this Run 2013, muons from +\SIrange{28}{45}{\mega\electronvolt\per\cc} and momentum spread of 1\% and +3\%were used. For part of the experiment the target was replaced with one of the silicon detector packages allowed an accurate momentum and range calibration %(via range-energy relations) -of the beam at the target. Figure~\ref{fig:Rates} shows the measured muon rates +of the beam at the target. \Cref{fig:Rates} shows the measured muon rates as a function of momentum for two different momentum bites. -Figure~\ref{fig:Beam} shows an example of the resulting energy spectra. -\begin{figure}[htbp] +\Cref{fig:Beam} shows an example of the resulting energy spectra. +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{figs/Rates.png} \caption{Measured muon rate (kHz) at low momenta. Momentum bite of 3 and 1 \% @@ -71,18 +72,18 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:Beam} shows an example of the resulting energy spectra. \label{fig:Rates} \end{figure} -\begin{figure}[htbp] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figs/beam.pdf} - \caption{Energy deposition at 36.4 MeV/c incident muon beam in an - 1500-\micron-active - target. The peak at low energy is due to beam electrons, the - peaks at higher energies are due to muons. Momentum bite of 1 and 3\% FWHM - on left and right hand side, respectively.} \label{fig:Beam} + \caption{Energy deposition at \SI{36.4}{/c} incident muon beam in an + \SI{1500}{\micro\meter}-thick active target. The peak at low energy is due + to beam electrons, the peaks at higher energies are due to muons. Momentum + bite of 1 and 3\% FWHM on left and right hand side, respectively.} + \label{fig:Beam} \end{figure} The targets and charged particle detectors are installed inside the vacuum -chamber as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}. The muon beam enters +chamber as shown in \cref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}. The muon beam enters from the right of the image and hits the target, which is placed at the centre of the vacuum chamber and orientated at 45 degrees to the beam axis. The side walls and bottom flange of the vessel provide several @@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ scintillator detectors inside the chamber. In addition, the chamber is equipped with several lead collimators %so that muons that are not captured in the target would quickly decay. to quickly capture muons that do not stop in the actual target. -%\begin{figure}[htbp] +%\begin{figure}[btp] %\centering %\includegraphics[width=0.55\textwidth]{figs/SetupOverview.jpg} %\caption{Vacuum chamber in beam line} @@ -102,22 +103,25 @@ to quickly capture muons that do not stop in the actual target. %a silicon detector in the low vacuum region of $10^{-3}$ mbar. %An interlock mechanism was installed to prevent the bias of the %silicon detectors from being applied before the safe vacuum level. -For a safe operation of the silicon detector, a vacuum of $<10^{-4}$\,mbar was -necessary. With the help of the vacuum group of PSI, we could consistently -reach $10^{-4}$\,mbar within 45 minutes after closure of the chamber's top -flange. +For a safe operation of the silicon detector, a vacuum of \SI{e-4}{\milli\bar} +was necessary. With the help of the vacuum group of PSI, we could consistently +reach the required vacuum level within 45 minutes after closure of the +chamber's top flange. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Silicon detectors} The main detectors for proton measurement in the Run 2013 were four large area silicon detectors. The silicon detectors were grouped into two detector packages located symmetrically at 90 degrees of the nominal muon beam path, SiL -and SiR in Figure~\ref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}. Each arm consists of: one -$\Delta$E counter, a 65-\micro\meter-thick silicon detector, divided into -4 quadrants; one E counter made from 1500-\micron-thick silicon; and one -plastic scintillator to identify electrons or high energy protons that pass -through the silicon. The area of each of these silicon detectors and the -scintillators is $50\times50 \textrm{mm}^2$. +and SiR in \cref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}. Each arm consists of: one +$\Delta$E counter, a \SI{65}{\micro\meter}-thick silicon detector, divided into +4 quadrants; one E counter made from \SI{1500}{\micro\meter}-thick silicon; and +one plastic scintillator to identify electrons or high energy protons that +pass through the silicon. The area of each of these silicon detectors and the +scintillators is $50\times50 \textrm{mm}^2$. There is a dead layer of +\SI{0.5}{\micro\meter} on each side of the silicon detectors according to the +manufacturer Micron Semiconductor +\footnote{\url{http://www.micronsemiconductor.co.uk/}}. The detectors were named according to their positions relative to the muon view: the SiL package contains the thin @@ -129,11 +133,11 @@ SiR1-4. Bias for the four silicon detectors was supplied by an ORTEC 710 NIM module, which has a vacuum interlock input to prevent biasing before the safe vacuum level has been reached. Typical voltage to fully depleted the detectors were --300~\volt\ and -10~\volt\ for the thick and thin silicon detectors +\SI{-300}{\volt} and \SI{-10}{\volt} for the thick and thin silicon detectors respectively. The leakage currents at the operating voltages are less than -1.5~\micro\ampere\ for the thick detectors, and about 0.05~\micro\ampere\ -for the thin ones (see Figure~\ref{fig:si_leakage}). -\begin{figure}[htb] +\SI{1.5}{\micro\ampere} for the thick detectors, and about +\SI{0.05}{\micro\ampere} for the thin ones (see \cref{fig:si_leakage}). +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/si_leakage} \caption{Leakage currents of the silicon detectors under bias.} @@ -146,8 +150,8 @@ output pulse height on an oscilloscope. One would expect that the maximum pulse height increases as the bias is raised until the voltage of fully depleted. The effect can also be seen on the pulse height spectrum as in -Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_bias_alpha}. -\begin{figure}[htb] +\cref{fig:sir2_bias_alpha}. +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{figs/sir2_bias_alpha} \caption{$^{241}\textrm{Am}$ spectra in cases of fully depleted (top), and @@ -195,12 +199,12 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_bias_alpha}. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Upstream counters} \label{sub:upstream_counters} -The upstream detector consists of three counters: a 500~$\mu$m thick -scintillator muon trigger counter ($\mu$SC); a muon anti-coincidence counter -($\mu$SCA) surrounding the trigger counter with a hole -of 35 \milli\meter\ in diameter to define the beam radius; and a multi-wire -proportional chamber ($\mu$PC) that uses 24 X wires and 24 Y wires at -2~\milli\meter~intervals. +The upstream detector consists of three counters: a \SI{500}{\micro\meter}-thick +scintillator muon trigger counter (\Pmu{}SC); a muon anti-coincidence counter +(\Pmu{}SCA) surrounding the trigger counter with a hole +of 35 \si{\milli\meter}\ in diameter to define the beam radius; and a multi-wire +proportional chamber (\Pmu{}PC) that uses 24 X wires and 24 Y wires at +2~\si{\milli\meter}~intervals. The upstream detectors provide signal of an incoming muon as coincident hits on the muon trigger and the wire chamber in anti-coincident with the muon @@ -214,7 +218,7 @@ ready to be used in our run without any modification. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Germanium detector} -%\begin{figure}[htbp] +%\begin{figure}[btp] %\centering %\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figs/neutron.png} %\caption{Setup of two @@ -225,9 +229,9 @@ We used a germanium detector to normalise the number of stopped muons by measuring characteristics muon X-rays from the target material. The primary X-rays of interest are the 346.828~keV line for aluminium targets, and the 400.177 line for silicon targets. The energies and intensities of the X-rays -listed in Table~\ref{tab:xray_ref} follow measurement results from +listed in \cref{tab:xray_ref} follow measurement results from Measday and colleagues~\cite{MeasdayStocki.etal.2007}. -\begin{table}[htb] +\begin{table}[btp] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c l l l l } \toprule @@ -250,11 +254,11 @@ The germanium detector is a GMX20P4-70-RB-B-PL, n-type, coaxial high purity germanium detector produced by ORTEC. The detector was optimised for low energy gamma and X-rays measurement with an ultra-thin entrance window of 0.5-mm-thick beryllium and -a 0.3-\micron-thick ion implanted contact (Figure~\ref{fig:ge_det_dimensions}). +a 0.3-\si{\micro\meter}-thick ion implanted contact (\cref{fig:ge_det_dimensions}). This detector is equipped with a transistor reset preamplifier which, according to the producer, enables it to work in an ultra-high rate environment -up to $10^6$ counts\per\second~ at 1~\mega\electronvolt. -\begin{figure}[htb] +up to $10^6$ counts\si{\per\second} at \SI{1}{\mega\electronvolt}. +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figs/ge_det_dimensions} \caption{Dimensions of the germanium detector} @@ -288,12 +292,12 @@ carried out. \section{Front-end electronics and data acquisition system} The front-end electronics of the AlCap experiment was simple since we employed a trigger-less read out system with waveform digitisers and flash ADCs -(FADCs). As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:alcapdaq_scheme}, all plastic +(FADCs). As shown in \cref{fig:alcapdaq_scheme}, all plastic scintillators signals were amplified by PMTs, then fed into the digitisers. The signals from silicon and germanium detectors were preamplified, and subsequently shaped by spectroscopy amplifiers and timing filter amplifiers (TFAs) to provide energy and timing information. -\begin{figure}[htbp] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.99\textwidth]{figs/alcapdaq_scheme} \caption{Schematic diagram of the electronics and DAQ used in the Run 2013} @@ -304,21 +308,21 @@ The germanium detector has its own transistor reset preamplifier installed very close to the germanium crystal. Two ORTEC Model 142 preamplifiers were used for the thick silicon detectors. The timing outputs of the preamplifiers were fed into three ORTEC Model 579 TFAs. -We used an ORTEC Model 673 to shape the germanium signal with 6~\micro\second +We used an ORTEC Model 673 to shape the germanium signal with 6~\si{\micro\second} shaping time. A more modern-style electronics was used for thin silicon detectors where the preamplifier, shaping and timing amplifiers were implemented on one compact package, namely a Mesytec MSI-8 box. This box has 8 channels, each channel consists of one preamplifier board and one shaper-and-timing filter board which -can be fine-tuned independently. The shaping time was set to 1~\micro\second\ +can be fine-tuned independently. The shaping time was set to 1~\si{\micro\second}\ for all channels. The detector system produced signals that differs significantly in time scale, -ranging from very fast (about 40~\nano\second\ from scintillators) to very slow -(several \micro\second\ from shaping outputs of semiconductor detectors). This -lead to the use of several sampling frequencies from 17~\mega\hertz\ to -250~\mega\hertz, and three types of digitisers were employed: +ranging from very fast (about 40~\si{\nano\second}\ from scintillators) to very slow +(several \si{\micro\second}\ from shaping outputs of semiconductor detectors). This +lead to the use of several sampling frequencies from 17~\si{\mega\hertz}\ to +250~\si{\mega\hertz}, and three types of digitisers were employed: \begin{itemize} \item custom-built 12-bit 170-MHz FADCs which was designed for the MuCap experiment. Each FADC board has dimensions the same as those of @@ -328,10 +332,10 @@ lead to the use of several sampling frequencies from 17~\mega\hertz\ to Ethernet-level protocol. The protocol only allows detecting incomplete data transfers but no retransmitting is possible due to the limited size of the module's output buffer. The FADCs accept clock signal - at the frequency of 50~\mega\hertz\ then multiply that internally up to - 170~\mega\hertz. Each channel on one board can run at different sampling + at the frequency of 50~\si{\mega\hertz}\ then multiply that internally up to + 170~\si{\mega\hertz}. Each channel on one board can run at different sampling frequency not dependent on other channels. The FADC has 8 single-ended - LEMO inputs with 1~\volt pp dynamic range. + LEMO inputs with 1~\si{\volt} pp dynamic range. \item a 14-bit 100-MS/s CAEN VME FADC waveform digitiser model V1724. The module houses 8 channels with 2.25~Vpp dynamic range on single-ended MCX coaxial inputs. The digitiser features an optical link for transmission of @@ -347,7 +351,7 @@ lead to the use of several sampling frequencies from 17~\mega\hertz\ to proprietary binary drivers and libraries. \end{itemize} All digitisers were driven by external clocks which were derived from the same -500-\mega\hertz\ master clock, a high precision RF signal generator Model SG382 +500-\si{\mega\hertz}\ master clock, a high precision RF signal generator Model SG382 of Stanford Research System. The silicon detectors were read out by FADC boards feature network-based data @@ -355,14 +359,14 @@ readout interface. To maximize the data throughput, each of the four FADC boards was read out through separate network adapter. The CAEN digitisers were used to read out the germanium detector (timing and energy, slow signals) or scintillator -detectors (fast signals). For redundancy, all beam monitors ($\mu$SC, $\mu$SCA -and $\mu$PC) were also read out by a CAEN time-to-digital converter (TDC) +detectors (fast signals). For redundancy, all beam monitors (\Pmu{}SC, \Pmu{}SCA +and \Pmu{}PC) were also read out by a CAEN time-to-digital converter (TDC) model V767 which was kindly provided by the MuSun experiment. The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) of the AlCap experiment, so-called AlCapDAQ, provided the readout of front-end electronics, event assembling, data logging, hardware monitoring and control, and the run database of the experiment -(Figure~\ref{fig:alcapdaq_pcs}). It was based on MIDAS framework~\footnote{ +(\cref{fig:alcapdaq_pcs}). It was based on MIDAS framework~\footnote{ MIDAS is a general purpose DAQ software system developed at PSI and TRIUMF:\\ \url{http://midas.triumf.ca}} and consisted of two circuits, {\em i}) a detector circuit for synchronous data readout from the front-end electronics @@ -375,7 +379,7 @@ running Linux operating system and connected into a private subnetwork. %\hl{TODO: storage and shift monitor} -\begin{figure}[htb] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{figs/alcapdaq_pcs} \caption{AlCapDAQ in the Run 2013. The {\ttfamily fe6} front-end is @@ -397,10 +401,10 @@ correlation between detectors would be established in the analysis stage. At the beginning of each block, the time counter in each digitiser is reset to ensure time alignment across all modules. The period of 110~ms was chosen to be: -{\em i} long enough compares to the time scale of several \micro\second\ of the +{\em i} long enough compares to the time scale of several \si{\micro\second}\ of the physics of interest, {\em ii} short enough so that there is no timer rollover -on any digitiser (a FADC runs at its maximum speed of 170~\mega\hertz\ could -handle up to about 1.5 \second\ with its 28-bit time counter). +on any digitiser (a FADC runs at its maximum speed of \SI{170}{\mega\hertz} could +handle up to about \SI{1.5}{\second} with its 28-bit time counter). To ease the task of handling data, the data collecting period was divided into short runs, each run stopped when the logger had recorded 2 GB of data. @@ -431,14 +435,14 @@ different targets were carried out for silicon targets: As the emitted protons deposit a significant amount of energy in the target material, thin targets and thus excellent momentum resolution of the low energy -muon beam are critical. Aluminium targets of 50-\micro\meter\ and -100~\micron\ thick were used. Although a beam with low momentum spread of +muon beam are critical. Aluminium targets of 50-\si{\micro\meter}\ and +100~\si{\micro\meter}\ thick were used. Although a beam with low momentum spread of 1\% is preferable, it was used for only a small portion of the run due to the -low beam rate (see Figure~\ref{fig:Rates}). The beam momentum for each target +low beam rate (see \cref{fig:Rates}). The beam momentum for each target was chosen to maximise the number of stopped muons. The collected data sets are -shown in Table~\ref{tb:stat}. +shown in \cref{tb:stat}. -\begin{table}[htb!] +\begin{table}[btp!] \begin{center} \vspace{0.15cm} \begin{tabular}{l c c c} @@ -446,16 +450,16 @@ shown in Table~\ref{tb:stat}. \textbf{Target} &\textbf{Momentum} & \textbf{Run time} & \textbf{Number}\\ \textbf{and thickness}&\textbf{scaling factor} & \textbf{(h)} &\textbf{of muons}\\ \midrule - Si 1500 \micro\meter& 1.32& 3.07& $2.78\times 10^7$\\ + Si 1500 \si{\micro\meter}& 1.32& 3.07& $2.78\times 10^7$\\ & 1.30& 12.04& $2.89 \times 10^8$\\ & 1.10& 9.36& $1.37 \times 10^8$ \\ \midrule - Si 62 \micro\meter & 1.06& 10.29& $1.72 \times 10^8$\\ + Si 62 \si{\micro\meter} & 1.06& 10.29& $1.72 \times 10^8$\\ \midrule - Al 100 \micro\meter& 1.09& 14.37&$2.94 \times 10^8$\\ + Al 100 \si{\micro\meter}& 1.09& 14.37&$2.94 \times 10^8$\\ & 1.07& 2.56& $4.99 \times 10^7$\\ \midrule - Al 50 \micro\meter m & 1.07& 51.94& $8.81 \times 10^8$\\ + Al 50 \si{\micro\meter} m & 1.07& 51.94& $8.81 \times 10^8$\\ \bottomrule \end{tabular} \end{center} @@ -473,11 +477,11 @@ Since the AlCapDAQ is a trigger-less system, it stored all waveforms of the hits occured in 100-ms-long blocks without considering their physics significance The analysis code therefore must be able to extract parameters of the waveforms, then organises the pulses into physics events correlated to -stopped muons (Figure~\ref{fig:muon_event}). In addition, the analyser is +stopped muons (\cref{fig:muon_event}). In addition, the analyser is intended to be usable as a real-time component of a MIDAS DAQ, where simple analysis could be done online for monitoring and diagnostic during the run. -\begin{figure}[htb] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{figs/muon_event.pdf} \caption{Concept of the AlCap analysis code: pulses from individual detector @@ -520,7 +524,7 @@ algorithm that takes the pulse parameters from the peak of the waveform. In parallel, a pulse finding and template fitting code is being developed because it would provide more accurate pulse information. The first iteration of this code has been completed and is being tested. -\begin{figure}[htb] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/analysis_scheme} \caption{Concept of the analysis framework in \rootana{}} @@ -545,7 +549,7 @@ detectors. These particle hits are still stored in the time-ordered tree corresponds to the 110 ms block length from the AlCapDAQ. By iterating through the tree to find stopped muons and taking any hits within a certain window around this muon from every detector, a stopped-muon-centred tree shown in -Figure~\ref{fig:muon_event} can be produced. This will make it much easier to +\cref{fig:muon_event} can be produced. This will make it much easier to look for coincidences and apply cuts, thereby bringing the end goal of particle numbers and energy distributions. @@ -558,8 +562,8 @@ The online analyser was developed and proved to be very useful during the run. A few basic modules were used to produce plots for diagnostic purposes including: persistency view of waveforms, pulse height spectra, timing correlations with respect to the upstream counters. The -modules and their purposes are listed in Table~\ref{tab:online_modules}. -\begin{table}[htb] +modules and their purposes are listed in \cref{tab:online_modules}. +\begin{table}[btp] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l p{6cm}} \toprule @@ -604,7 +608,7 @@ groups such as upstream counters, silicon arms. It could also periodically update the plots to reflect real-time status of the detector system. %Screen %shots of the {\ttfamily online-display} with several plots are shown in -%Figure~\ref{fig:online_display}. +%\cref{fig:online_display}. %\hl{Screen shots} \subsection{Offline analyser} @@ -612,15 +616,15 @@ update the plots to reflect real-time status of the detector system. Some offline analysis modules has been developed during the beam time and could provide quick feedback in confirming and guiding the decisions at the time. For example, the X-ray spectrum analysis was done to confirm that we could observe -the muon capture process (Figure~\ref{fig:muX}), and to help in choosing optimal +the muon capture process (\cref{fig:muX}), and to help in choosing optimal momenta which maximised the number of stopped muons. -\begin{figure}[htbp] +\begin{figure}[btp] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figs/muX.png} \caption{Germanium detector spectra in the range of 300 - 450 keV with different setups: no - target, 62-\micron-thick silicon target, and 100-\micron-thick aluminium - target. The ($2p-1s$) lines from + target, 62-\si{\micro\meter}-thick silicon target, and + 100-\si{\micro\meter}-thick aluminium target. The ($2p-1s$) lines from aluminium (346.828 keV) and silicon (400.177 keV) are clearly visible, the double peaks at 431 and 438 keV are from the lead shield, the peak at 351~keV is a background gamma ray from $^{211}$Bi.} diff --git a/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex b/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex index 75f46bb..cc50dfe 100644 --- a/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex +++ b/thesis/chapters/chap6_analysis.tex @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ \section{Analysis modules} \label{sec:analysis_modules} A full analysis has not been completed yet, but initial analysis -based on the existing modules (Table~\ref{tab:offline_modules}) is possible +based on the existing modules (\cref{tab:offline_modules}) is possible thanks to the modularity of the analysis framework. \begin{table}[htb] @@ -30,16 +30,16 @@ thanks to the modularity of the analysis framework. \end{table} The MakeAnalysedPulses module takes a raw waveform, calculates the pedestal -from a predefined number of first samples, subtracts this pedestal, takes +from a predefined number of first samples, subtracts this pedestal taking pulse polarity into account, then calls another module to extract pulse parameters. At the moment, the simplest module, so-called MaxBinAPGenerator, for pulse information calculation is in use. The module looks for the sample that has the maximal deviation from the baseline, takes the deviation as pulse amplitude and the time stamp of the sample as pulse time. The procedure is -illustrated on Figure~\ref{fig:tap_maxbin_algo}. This module could not detect +illustrated on \cref{fig:tap_maxbin_algo}. This module could not detect pile up or double pulses in one \tpulseisland{} in -Figure~\ref{fig:tap_maxbin_bad}. +\cref{fig:tap_maxbin_bad}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/tap_maxbin_algo} @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ the beam rate was generally less than \SI{8}{\kilo\hertz}. %candidate: a prompt hit on the target in $\pm 200$ \si{\nano\second}\ around the %time of the $\mu$Sc pulse. The number comes from the observation of the %time correlation between hits on the target and the $\mu$Sc -%(Figure~\ref{fig:tme_sir_prompt_rational}). +%(\cref{fig:tme_sir_prompt_rational}). %\begin{figure}[htb] %\centering %\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/tme_sir_prompt_rational} @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ rate, time correlation to hits on $\mu$Sc, \ldots on each channel during the data collecting period. Runs with significant difference from the nominal values were further checked for possible causes, and would be discarded if such discrepancy was too large or unaccounted for. Examples of such trend plots are -shown in Figure~\ref{fig:lldq}. +shown in \cref{fig:lldq}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth]{figs/lldq_noise} @@ -131,15 +131,10 @@ During data taking period, electrons in the beam were were also used for energy calibration of thick silicon detectors where energy deposition is large enough. The muons at different momenta provided another mean of calibration in the beam tuning period. -%Typical pulse height spectra of the silicon detectors are shown -%in Figure~\ref{fig:si_eg_spectra}. -According to Micron Semiconductor -\footnote{\url{http://www.micronsemiconductor.co.uk/}}, the -manufacturer of the silicon detectors, the nominal thickness of the dead layer on -each side is 0.5~\si{\micro\meter}. The alpha particles from the source would deposit -about 66~keV in this layer, and the peak would appear at 5418~keV -(Figure~\ref{fig:toyMC_alpha}). +The alpha particles from the source would deposit +about 66~keV in the \SI{0.5}{\micro\meter}-thick dead layer, and the peak would +appear at 5418~keV (\cref{fig:toyMC_alpha}). \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{figs/toyMC_alpha} @@ -149,7 +144,7 @@ about 66~keV in this layer, and the peak would appear at 5418~keV \end{figure} The calibration coefficients for the silicon channels are listed in -Table~\ref{tab:cal_coeff}. +\cref{tab:cal_coeff}. \begin{table}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l c r} @@ -183,7 +178,7 @@ source\footnote{Energies and intensities of gamma rays are taken from the X-ray and Gamma-ray Decay Data Standards for Detector Calibration and Other Applications, which is published by IAEA at \\ \url{https://www-nds.iaea.org/xgamma_standards/}}, the -recorded pulse height spectrum is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:ge_eu152_spec}. The +recorded pulse height spectrum is shown in \cref{fig:ge_eu152_spec}. The source was placed at the target position so that the absolute efficiencies can be calibrated. The relation between pulse height in ADC count and energy is found to be: @@ -197,7 +192,7 @@ worse at 3.1~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}~for the annihilation photons at The absolute efficiencies for the $(2p-1s)$ lines of aluminium (346.828~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}) and silicon (400.177~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}) are -presented in Table~\ref{tab:xray_eff}. In the process of efficiency calibration, +presented in \cref{tab:xray_eff}. In the process of efficiency calibration, corrections for true coincidence summing and self-absorption were not applied. The true coincidence summing probability is estimated to be very small, about \sn{5.4}{-6}, thanks to the far geometry of the calibration. The @@ -263,7 +258,7 @@ polyethylene is less than \sn{4}{-4} for a 100~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}\ photon. %detector was placed perpendicular to the nominal beam path, after an oval %collimator. The beam momentum scaling factor was scanned from 1.10 to 1.60, %muon momenta and energies in the measured points are listed in -%Table~\ref{tab:mu_scales}. +%\cref{tab:mu_scales}. %\begin{table}[htbp] %\begin{center} %\begin{tabular}{c c c c} @@ -301,7 +296,7 @@ polyethylene is less than \sn{4}{-4} for a 100~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}\ photon. \label{sec:charged_particles_from_muon_capture_on_silicon_thick_silicon} This analysis was done on a subset of the active target runs 2119 -- 2140 because of the problem of wrong clock frequency found in the data quality -checking shown in Figure~\ref{fig:lldq}. The data set contains \sn{6.43}{7} +checking shown in \cref{fig:lldq}. The data set contains \sn{6.43}{7} muon events. %64293720 @@ -316,7 +311,7 @@ Because of the active target, a stopped muon would cause two coincident hits on the muon counter and the target. The energy of the muon hit on the active target is also well-defined as a narrow momentum spread beam was used. The correlation between the energy and timing of all the hits on the active target -is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:sir2f_Et_corr}. The most intense spot at zero time +is shown in \cref{fig:sir2f_Et_corr}. The most intense spot at zero time and about 5 MeV energy corresponds to stopped muons in the thick target. The band below 1 MeV is due to electrons, either in the beam or from muon decay in orbits, or emitted during the cascading of muon to the muonic 1S state. The @@ -341,7 +336,7 @@ particles from the stopped muons: It can be seen that there is a faint stripe of muons in the time larger than 1200~ns region, they are scattered muons by other materials without hitting the muon counter. The electrons in the beam caused the constant band below 1 MeV and -$t > 5000$ ns (see Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_1us_slices}). +$t > 5000$ ns (see \cref{fig:sir2_1us_slices}). \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/sir2_sir2f_amp_1us_slices} @@ -401,8 +396,8 @@ hits: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Number of charged particles with energy above 2~MeV} \label{sub:number_of_charged_particles_with_energy_from_8_10_mev} -As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_1us_slices} and illustrated by MC simulation -in Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_mc_pdfs}, there are several components in +As shown in \cref{fig:sir2_1us_slices} and illustrated by MC simulation +in \cref{fig:sir2_mc_pdfs}, there are several components in the energy spectrum recorded by the active target: \begin{enumerate} \item charged particles from nuclear muon capture, this is the signal we are @@ -484,7 +479,7 @@ The number of nuclear captures can be inferred from the number of recorded muonic X-rays. The reference values of the parameters needed for the calculation taken from Suzuki et al.~\cite{SuzukiMeasday.etal.1987} and Measday et al.~\cite{MeasdayStocki.etal.2007} are -listed in Table~\ref{tab:mucap_pars}. +listed in \cref{tab:mucap_pars}. \begin{table}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l l l} @@ -505,7 +500,7 @@ listed in Table~\ref{tab:mucap_pars}. \end{table} The muonic X-ray spectrum emitted from the active target is shown in -Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_xray}. The $(2p-1s)$ line is seen at +\cref{fig:sir2_xray}. The $(2p-1s)$ line is seen at 399.5~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}, 0.7~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}\ off from the reference value of 400.177~\si{\kilo\electronvolt}. This discrepancy is within our detector's resolution, and the calculated efficiency is @@ -552,7 +547,7 @@ corrected for several effects: pulse time, and (b) the reset pulses of the transistor reset preamplifier. The effects of the two dead time could be calculated by examining the interval between two consecutive pulses on the germanium detector in - Figure~\ref{fig:sir2_ge_deadtime}. + \cref{fig:sir2_ge_deadtime}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/sir2_ges_self_tdiff} @@ -592,7 +587,7 @@ corrected for several effects: \end{itemize} The number of X-rays after applying all above corrections is 3293.5. The X-ray -intensity in Table~\ref{tab:mucap_pars} was normalised to the number of stopped +intensity in \cref{tab:mucap_pars} was normalised to the number of stopped muons, so the number of stopped muons is: \begin{align} @@ -602,9 +597,9 @@ muons, so the number of stopped muons is: &= 9.03\times10^6 \nonumber \end{align} where $\epsilon_{(2p-1s)}$ is the calibrated absolute efficiency of the -detector for the 400.177~keV line in Table~\ref{tab:xray_eff}, and +detector for the 400.177~keV line in \cref{tab:xray_eff}, and $I_{(2p-1s)}$ is the probability of emitting this X-ray per stopped muon -(80.3\% from Table~\ref{tab:mucap_pars}). +(80.3\% from \cref{tab:mucap_pars}). Taking the statistical uncertainty of the peak area, and systematic uncertainties from parameters of muon capture, the number of stopped muons @@ -621,7 +616,7 @@ The number of nuclear captured muons is: \label{eqn:sir2_Ncapture} \end{equation} where the $f_{\textrm{cap.Si}}$ is the probability of nuclear capture per -stopped muon from Table~\ref{tab:mucap_pars}. +stopped muon from \cref{tab:mucap_pars}. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Emission rate of charged particles} \label{sub:emission_rate_of_charged_particles} @@ -633,7 +628,7 @@ nuclear muon capture in~\eqref{eqn:sir2_Ncapture}: = \frac{149.9\times10^4}{7.25\times10^6} = 0.252 \end{equation} Uncertainties of this rate calculation are listed in -Table~\ref{tab:sir2_uncertainties}, including: +\cref{tab:sir2_uncertainties}, including: \begin{itemize} \item uncertainties from number of charged particles, both statistical and systematic (from spectrum shape and fitting) ones are absorbed in the @@ -690,7 +685,7 @@ So, the emission rate is: %\label{fig:sobottka_spec} %\end{figure} %The spectrum measured by Sobottka and Wills~\cite{SobottkaWills.1968} is -%reproduced in Figure~\ref{fig:sobottka_spec}, the spectral integral in the +%reproduced in \cref{fig:sobottka_spec}, the spectral integral in the %energy region from 8 to 10~\si{\mega\electronvolt}\ is $2086.8 \pm 45.7$. %The authors obtained the spectrum in a 4~\si{\micro\second}\ gate period which began %1~\si{\micro\second}\ after a muon stopped, which would take 26.59\% of the emitted @@ -769,11 +764,11 @@ within a coincidence window of $\pm 0.5$~\si{\micro\second}\ around the thick silicon hit, the two hits are considered to belong to one particle with $\Delta$E being the energy of the thin hit, and total E being the sum energy of the two hits. Particle identification is done using correlation between -$\Delta$E and E. Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_dedx_nocut} shows clearly visible banding +$\Delta$E and E. \cref{fig:si16p_dedx_nocut} shows clearly visible banding structure. No cut on energy deposit or timing with respect to muon hit are applied yet. -With the aid from MC study (Figure~\ref{fig:pid_sim}), the banding on the +With the aid from MC study (\cref{fig:pid_sim}), the banding on the $\Delta$E-E plots can be identified as follows: \begin{itemize} \item the densest spot at the lower left conner belonged to electron hits; @@ -804,13 +799,13 @@ $\Delta$E-E plots can be identified as follows: \end{figure} It is observed that the banding is more clearly visible in a log-log scale -plots like in Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_dedx_cut_explain}, this suggests +plots like in \cref{fig:si16p_dedx_cut_explain}, this suggests a geometrical cut on the logarithmic scale would be able to discriminate protons from other particles. The protons and deuterons bands are nearly parallel to the $\ln(\Delta \textrm{E [keV]}) + \ln(\textrm{E [keV]})$ line, but have a slightly altered slope because $\ln(\textrm{E})$ is always greater than $\ln(\Delta\textrm{E})$. The two parallel lines on -Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_dedx_cut_explain} suggest a check of +\cref{fig:si16p_dedx_cut_explain} suggest a check of $\ln(\textrm{E}) + 0.85\times\ln(\Delta \textrm{E})$ could tell protons from other particles. @@ -829,11 +824,11 @@ $\ln(\textrm{E}) < 9$, which corresponds to $\textrm{E} < 8$~MeV. The cut of $\ln(\textrm{E}) < 9$ is applied first, then $\ln(\textrm{E})+ 0.85\times\ln(\Delta \textrm{E}) $ is plotted as -Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_loge+logde}. The protons make a clear peak in the region +\cref{fig:si16p_loge+logde}. The protons make a clear peak in the region between 14 and 14.8, the next peak at 15 corresponds to deuteron. Imposing the $14<\ln(\textrm{E})+ 0.85\times\ln(\Delta \textrm{E})<14.8$ cut, -the remaining proton band is shown on Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_after_ecut}. +the remaining proton band is shown on \cref{fig:si16p_proton_after_ecut}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering @@ -854,7 +849,7 @@ the remaining proton band is shown on Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_after_ecut}. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Number of muon captures} \label{sub:number_stopped_muons} -The X-ray spectrum from this silicon target on Figure~\ref{fig:si16_xray} is +The X-ray spectrum from this silicon target on \cref{fig:si16_xray} is significantly noisier than the previous data set of SiR2, suffers from both lower statistics and a more relaxed muon definition. The peak of $(2p-1s)$ X-ray at 400.177~keV can still be recognised but on a very high background. The @@ -881,7 +876,7 @@ reducing the background level under the 400.177 keV peak by about one third. Using the same procedure on the region from 396 to 402 keV (without self-absorption correction since this is a thin target), the number of X-rays recorded and the number of captures are shown in -Table~\ref{tab:si16p_ncapture_cal}. +\cref{tab:si16p_ncapture_cal}. \begin{table}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{l l c c c} @@ -920,8 +915,8 @@ Table~\ref{tab:si16p_ncapture_cal}. To check the origin of the protons recorded, lifetime measurements were made by cutting on time difference between a hit on one thick silicon and the muon hit. Applying the time cut in 0.5~\si{\micro\second}\ time steps on the proton -events in Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_after_ecut}, the number of surviving -protons on each arm are plotted on Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_lifetime}. The +events in \cref{fig:si16p_proton_after_ecut}, the number of surviving +protons on each arm are plotted on \cref{fig:si16p_proton_lifetime}. The curves show decay constants of $762.9 \pm 13.7$~\si{\nano\second}\ and $754.6 \pm 11.9$, which are consistent with the each other, and with mean life time of muons in @@ -939,7 +934,7 @@ The fits are consistent with lifetime of muons in silicon in from after 500~ns, before that, the time constants are shorter ($655.9\pm 9.9$ and $731.1\pm8.9$) indicates the contamination from muon captured on material with higher $Z$. Therefore a timing cut from 500~ns is used to select good silicon events, the -remaining protons are shown in Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut}. +remaining protons are shown in \cref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut}. The spectra have a low energy cut off at 2.5~MeV because protons with energy lower than that could not pass through the thin silicon to make the cuts as the range of 2.5~MeV protons in silicon is about 68~\si{\micro\meter}. @@ -954,7 +949,7 @@ range of 2.5~MeV protons in silicon is about 68~\si{\micro\meter}. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \subsection{Proton emission rate from the silicon target} \label{sub:proton_emission_rate_from_the_silicon_target} -The number of protons in Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} is +The number of protons in \cref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} is counted from 500~ns after the muon event, where the survival rate is $e^{-500/758} = 0.517$. @@ -974,7 +969,7 @@ The emission rate per muon capture is: &= \dfrac{2.625 \times 10^5}{6.256\times10^6} \nonumber\\ &= 4.20\times10^{-2}\nonumber \end{align} -The proton spectra on the Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} and the +The proton spectra on the \cref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} and the emission rate are only effective ones, since the energy of protons are modified by energy loss in the target, and low energy protons could not escape the target. Therefore further corrections are needed for both rate and spectrum of @@ -989,11 +984,11 @@ The uncertainty of the emission rate could come from several sources: background under the X-ray peak (5.5\%) and the efficiency calibration \item number of protons: efficiency of the cuts in energy, impacts of the timing resolution on timing cut. The energy cuts' contribution should be - small since it can be seen from Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_loge+logde}, the peak + small since it can be seen from \cref{fig:si16p_loge+logde}, the peak of protons is strong and well separated from others. The uncertainty in timing contribution is significant because all the timing done in this analysis was on the peak of the slow signals. As it is clear from the - Figure~\ref{fig:tme_sir_prompt_rational}, the timing resolution of the + \cref{fig:tme_sir_prompt_rational}, the timing resolution of the silicon detector could not be better than 100~ns. Putting $\pm100$~ns into the timing cut could change the survival rate of proton by about $1-e^{-100/758} \simeq 13\%$. Also, the low statistics contributes a few @@ -1024,7 +1019,7 @@ By using only the lower limit on $\ln(\textrm{E}) + 0.85\times\ln(\Delta \textrm{E})$, the heavy charged particles can be selected. These particles also show a lifetime that is consistent with that of muons in silicon -(Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_allparticle_lifetime}). +(\cref{fig:si16p_allparticle_lifetime}). \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/si16p_allparticle_lifetime} @@ -1041,7 +1036,7 @@ The ratio between the number of protons and other particles at 500~ns is $(1927 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %\subsection{Rate and spectrum correction} %\label{sub:proton_spectrum_deconvolution} -%The proton spectra on the Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} and the +%The proton spectra on the \cref{fig:si16p_proton_ecut_500nstcut} and the %emission rate are only effective ones, since the energy of protons are modified %by energy loss in the target, and low energy protons could not escape the %target. Therefore corrections are needed for both rate and spectrum of protons. @@ -1054,7 +1049,7 @@ The ratio between the number of protons and other particles at 500~ns is $(1927 %The initial spatial distribution of protons is inferred from the muon beam %momentum using Monte Carlo simulation, and available measured data in momentum %scanning runs. The response function for this thin silicon target is shown in -%Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_toyMC}. +%\cref{fig:si16p_toyMC}. %\begin{figure}[htb] %\centering %\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/si16p_toyMC} @@ -1069,7 +1064,7 @@ The ratio between the number of protons and other particles at 500~ns is $(1927 %The Bayesian method is chosen because it tends to be fast, typical number of %iterations is from 4--8. -%Figure~\ref{fig:si16p_unfold_train} presented results of two tests unfolding with +%\cref{fig:si16p_unfold_train} presented results of two tests unfolding with %two distributions of initial energy, a Gaussian distribution and %a parameterized function in~\eqref{eqn:EH_pdf}. The numbers of protons obtained %from the tests show agreement with the generated numbers. @@ -1084,8 +1079,8 @@ The ratio between the number of protons and other particles at 500~ns is $(1927 %\end{figure} %Finally, the unfolding is applied on the spectra in -%Figure~\ref{si16p_proton_spec}, the results are shown in -%Figure~\ref{si16p_unfold_meas}. +%\cref{si16p_proton_spec}, the results are shown in +%\cref{si16p_unfold_meas}. %\begin{figure}[htb] %\centering %\includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/si16p_unfold_meas} @@ -1127,7 +1122,7 @@ passive silicon runs were applied. \subsection{The number of stopped muons} \label{sub:the_number_of_stopped_muons} The X-ray spectrum on the germanium detector is shown on -Figure~\ref{fig:al100_ge_spec}. +\cref{fig:al100_ge_spec}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=0.85\textwidth]{figs/al100_ge_spec} @@ -1153,7 +1148,7 @@ target are: \label{sub:particle_identification} Using the same charged particle selection procedure and the cuts on $\ln(\textrm{E})$ and $\ln(\Delta\textrm{E})$, the -proton energy spectrum is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:al100_proton_spec}. +proton energy spectrum is shown in \cref{fig:al100_proton_spec}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{figs/al100_selection} @@ -1163,13 +1158,13 @@ proton energy spectrum is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:al100_proton_spec}. \end{figure} The lifetime of these protons are shown in -Figure~\ref{fig:al100_proton_lifetime}, the fitted decay constant on the right +\cref{fig:al100_proton_lifetime}, the fitted decay constant on the right arm is consistent with the reference value of $864 \pm 2$~\si{\nano\second}~\cite{}. But the left arm gives $918 \pm 16.1$~\si{\nano\second}, significantly larger than the reference value. %The longer lifetime suggested some contributions from %other lighter materials, one possible source is from muons captured on the back -%side of the collimator (Figure~\ref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}). +%side of the collimator (\cref{fig:alcap_setup_detailed}). %For this reason, the emission rate calculated from the left arm will be taken as upper %limit only. \begin{figure}[htb] @@ -1185,7 +1180,7 @@ and the decay constant on the SiL1-1 alone was nearly about 1000~\si{\micro\seco The reason for this behaviour is not known yet. For this emission rate calculation, this channel is discarded and the rate on the left arm is scaled with a factor of 4/3. The proton spectrum from the aluminium target is plotted -on Figure~\ref{fig:al100_proton_spec_wosil11}. +on \cref{fig:al100_proton_spec_wosil11}. \begin{figure}[htb] \centering diff --git a/thesis/mythesis.sty b/thesis/mythesis.sty index 8cdf67c..c112464 100644 --- a/thesis/mythesis.sty +++ b/thesis/mythesis.sty @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ bookmarks \RequirePackage{verbatim} \RequirePackage{lipsum} \RequirePackage{datatool} -\RequirePackage[capitalise]{cleveref} \RequirePackage[final]{listings} \RequirePackage{xfrac} %% Units \RequirePackage[]{siunitx} +\RequirePackage{hepnames} %% Various fonts ... %\RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc} %\RequirePackage{charter} @@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ bookmarks %\linespread{1.025} % Palatino leads a little more leading %\usepackage[small]{eulervm} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \RequirePackage{tabularx} \RequirePackage{color} \RequirePackage{pifont} @@ -270,3 +272,6 @@ bookmarks \endgroup% } \renewcommand{\maketitle}[1]{\titlepage{}} + +%% Cleveref should be the last package to not be messed up by others +\RequirePackage[noabbrev]{cleveref} diff --git a/thesis/thesis.tex b/thesis/thesis.tex index 355ddc5..d99899a 100644 --- a/thesis/thesis.tex +++ b/thesis/thesis.tex @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ for the COMET experiment} %\input{chapters/chap2_mu_e_conv} %\input{chapters/chap3_comet} %\input{chapters/chap4_alcap_phys} -%\input{chapters/chap5_alcap_setup} -\input{chapters/chap6_analysis} +\input{chapters/chap5_alcap_setup} +%\input{chapters/chap6_analysis} %\input{chapters/chap7_results} \begin{backmatter}